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A protein carried by certain cholesterol-carrying particles; its amount reflects their total number.

Calculated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, using measurements in the same units.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside HDL particles in the blood.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside LDL particles, rather than the number of particles.

Calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol, capturing cholesterol in the remaining particles.

The combined amount of cholesterol carried by the major blood lipoprotein groups.

Fats circulating in the blood that store energy from food the body does not immediately use.

The amount of glucose, the body's main circulating sugar and an energy source, in blood.

Percentage of hemoglobin with sugar attached, reflecting average blood sugar over roughly two to three months.

Calculated estimate of insulin resistance using fasting blood sugar and insulin.

A pancreatic hormone that helps move sugar from blood into cells and regulates energy storage.

A calculated score based on fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a proxy for insulin resistance.

Glucose detected in urine, rather than a measurement of blood sugar.

Ketones detected in urine, usually with a strip that mainly detects acetoacetate.

A blood chemistry result used to estimate bicarbonate when assessing the body's acid-base balance.

Amount of chloride, one of the blood's major electrolytes, measured in serum or plasma.

An electrolyte needed for normal nerve signals, muscle contraction and heart function.

A major electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance and supports nerve and muscle function.

The main estrogen during the reproductive years, produced primarily by the ovaries.

A pituitary hormone that supports development of eggs in the ovaries and production of sperm.

An estimate of testosterone exposure, calculated from total testosterone and its binding protein, SHBG.

A pituitary hormone involved in ovulation and sex-hormone production in the ovaries and testes.

A hormone produced after ovulation and during pregnancy, measured at a particular point in time.

A protein made mainly by the liver that carries testosterone, estradiol and other sex hormones in blood.

Free plus albumin-bound testosterone, which may be measured or calculated depending on the test.

The portion of testosterone circulating without being attached to blood proteins.

All testosterone circulating in blood, including protein-bound and unbound forms.

A pituitary hormone that signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

The unbound portion of T4 thyroid hormone available to tissues, commonly considered alongside TSH.

An iron-storage protein whose blood level generally reflects the body's iron stores.

Iron circulating in blood at collection, mostly attached to the transport protein transferrin.

Percentage of iron-binding sites occupied, usually calculated from blood iron and total iron-binding capacity.

Estimated capacity of the blood's transferrin protein to bind and carry iron.

A liver-made protein that rises in response to inflammation, measured with conventional or high-sensitivity assays.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

A liver-cell enzyme that can enter the blood when those cells are damaged.

An enzyme found especially in the liver, bile ducts and bones.

An enzyme in the liver, muscles and other tissues that can enter blood when cells are damaged.

A calculated comparison of AST and ALT enzyme activity from the same blood sample.

An enzyme assessed alongside other findings when investigating liver or bile-duct injury.

The combined direct and indirect forms of bilirubin, a waste product from red-cell breakdown.

Checks for a water-soluble form of bilirubin in urine, distinct from bilirubin measured in blood.

The amount of albumin protein in urine, distinct from blood albumin or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Ratio of urine albumin to creatinine, adjusting the albumin result for how concentrated the urine is.

Nitrogen from urea in blood, a waste product formed when the body breaks down protein.

A calculated comparison of blood urea nitrogen with creatinine from the same collection.

A waste product from normal muscle activity that the kidneys mainly remove from blood.

An estimate of kidney filtration calculated from blood markers such as creatinine or cystatin C.

Protein detected or measured in urine; a dipstick mainly detects albumin.

A type of white blood cell, reported as a count or percentage of white cells.

Absolute count

White blood cells that play a central role in the body's early immune responses.

Absolute count

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory signaling.

A type of white blood cell, reported as a count or percentage of white cells.

The share of your blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.

A group of white blood cells involved in the body's immune responses.

A group of white blood cells involved in the body's immune responses.

Percentage

Calculated average amount of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in each red blood cell.

The calculated average concentration of hemoglobin within packed red blood cells.

The average size of your red blood cells, reported as their volume.

The average size of circulating platelets, distinct from how many platelets are present.

White blood cells that help remove damaged cells and microbes and can develop into tissue immune cells.

White blood cells that play a central role in the body's early immune responses.

The number of platelets in a given volume of circulating blood.

The number of mature red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

How much red blood cells vary in size, rather than their average size.

The total number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood.

A liver-made blood protein that helps retain fluid and transport other substances.

Calculated amount of non-albumin blood proteins, found by subtracting albumin from total protein.

The combined concentration of albumin and globulins, the main groups of blood proteins.

Amount of prostate-specific antigen used in prostate assessment; it does not diagnose cancer by itself.

Fine particles in urine without a distinct crystal shape, often made of urates or phosphates.

A visual description of how clear or cloudy the urine sample looks.

Bacteria seen or counted in urine under microscopy, distinct from a urine culture result.

Calcium oxalate crystals observed in urine under a microscope, reported by presence or amount.

Cast structures observed in urine sediment, without establishing a particular cast subtype.

The observed color of urine, assessed visually or with a laboratory instrument.

Crystalline material seen in urine under a microscope; this general result does not identify its composition.

Particles called casts containing granular material, observed in urine under a microscope.

Hyaline protein casts seen in urine sediment, reported according to the laboratory’s counting method.

A urine-strip reaction that indirectly checks for white blood cells, rather than counting them directly.

A urine-strip result detecting nitrite formed by some bacteria, rather than directly counting bacteria.

A urine-strip test for heme, which can come from red cells, hemoglobin or muscle pigment.

How acidic or alkaline a urine sample is at the time of testing.

Red blood cells counted in urine, distinct from a dipstick test for blood pigments.

Cells from the kidney tubules seen in urine under microscopy.

Urine density compared with water, providing a time-specific estimate of how concentrated the urine is.

Cells shed from the lining of the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract.

Struvite crystals seen in urine sediment, reported by presence or a method-specific amount.

Uric-acid or urate crystals seen in urine, with the exact crystal type kept distinct.

White blood cells counted directly in urine, distinct from the indirect leukocyte-esterase strip test.

Yeast-like or budding forms seen in urine under microscopy, without identifying the species.

FIB-4 is a calculated index that combines four routine labs — your age, AST, ALT, and platelet count — into a single fibrosis score.

The GGT-to-Platelet Ratio (GPR) is calculated as GGT normalized to its upper limit of normal, divided by platelet count, and multiplied by 100.

Creatinine measured in urine.

TG/HDL is a calculated ratio that compares your triglycerides to your HDL cholesterol.

Vitamin D measures the level of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (D2 and D3) in your blood, a fat-soluble vitamin critical for calcium absorption, bone health, immune function, and muscle strength.

A note in urine analysis refers to additional observations or comments recorded by the lab technician beyond standard measurable elements.

Calcium is a vital mineral that plays a central role in building and maintaining strong bones and teeth, supporting muscle contraction (including your heart), enabling nerve signaling, and helping blood to clot.

Clam IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against clam.

Codfish IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against codfish.

Cow's Milk IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against cow's milk.

Egg White IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against egg white.

MLR is a calculated ratio that compares two immune cell populations from your blood count: monocytes, which drive chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, and lymphocytes, which manage adaptive immunity.

NLPR is a composite index that combines three values from your blood count — neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets — into a single inflammation score.

NLR is a calculated ratio that compares two immune cell populations from your blood count: neutrophils, which surge during short-term inflammation, and lymphocytes, which manage longer-term immune defense.

Peanut IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against peanut.

The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio is calculated by dividing absolute platelet count by absolute lymphocyte count from a standard CBC with differential.

RDW/Platelet is a calculated ratio that combines two values from your blood count: red cell distribution width, which reflects variability in red blood cell size, and platelet count, which often drops when the liver is under strain.

Scallop IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against scallop.

Sesame Seed IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against sesame seed.

Shrimp IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against shrimp.

Soybean IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against soybean.

SII is a composite index that combines three values from your blood count — platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes — into a single inflammation score.

The Systemic Inflammation Response Index is calculated as the product of absolute neutrophil and absolute monocyte counts divided by absolute lymphocyte count.

Walnut IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against walnut.

Wheat IgE measures the level of IgE antibodies your immune system has made specifically against wheat.

Cells in urine usually shed from the lower urethra or external genital surfaces.