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A protein carried by certain cholesterol-carrying particles; its amount reflects their total number.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside HDL particles in the blood.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside LDL particles, rather than the number of particles.

Calculated comparison of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, using amounts in the same units.

The combined amount of cholesterol carried by the major blood lipoprotein groups.

Calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol, capturing cholesterol in the remaining particles.

Calculated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, using measurements in the same units.

Fats circulating in the blood that store energy from food the body does not immediately use.

A calculated comparison of non-HDL cholesterol with HDL cholesterol, using results in matching units.

A calculated lipid index using triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, rather than an additional blood measurement.

A calculated comparison of GGT enzyme activity and HDL cholesterol; its scale depends on units.

A calculated comparison of LDL cholesterol and ApoB, not a direct measurement of LDL particle size.

Calculated comparison of non-HDL cholesterol to ApoB, approximating cholesterol carried per ApoB-containing particle.

Calculated ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol measured in the same blood sample.

A calculated comparison of triglycerides with ApoB; the reported units change its numerical scale.

An estimate of average blood sugar calculated from HbA1c, rather than measured directly.

Amount of chloride, one of the blood's major electrolytes, measured in serum or plasma.

A blood chemistry result used to estimate bicarbonate when assessing the body's acid-base balance.

The amount of glucose, the body's main circulating sugar and an energy source, in blood.

Fasting

Percentage of hemoglobin with sugar attached, reflecting average blood sugar over roughly two to three months.

An electrolyte needed for normal nerve signals, muscle contraction and heart function.

A major electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance and supports nerve and muscle function.

A waste product from purine breakdown, assessed in gout and kidney-related testing.

A calculated score based on fasting triglycerides and glucose, studied as a proxy for insulin resistance.

An adrenal hormone involved in stress response, metabolism, blood pressure and inflammation.

An adrenal hormone the body uses to make testosterone and estrogen.

The main estrogen during the reproductive years, produced primarily by the ovaries.

A protein made mainly by the liver that carries testosterone, estradiol and other sex hormones in blood.

The portion of testosterone circulating without being attached to blood proteins.

Free plus albumin-bound testosterone, which may be measured or calculated depending on the test.

All testosterone circulating in blood, including protein-bound and unbound forms.

An estimate of testosterone exposure, calculated from total testosterone and its binding protein, SHBG.

An indirect estimate of free T4 calculated from total T4 and a hormone-binding measurement.

An indirect estimate of available thyroid-hormone binding sites, rather than a measurement of T3 hormone.

The total amount of T4 thyroid hormone in blood, including both protein-bound and free portions.

A pituitary hormone that signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

The main circulating form of vitamin D, reflecting vitamin D from sunlight, food and supplements.

All calcium circulating in blood, including calcium attached to proteins and free calcium.

An iron-storage protein whose blood level generally reflects the body's iron stores.

Estimated capacity of the blood's transferrin protein to bind and carry iron.

Iron circulating in blood at collection, mostly attached to the transport protein transferrin.

Percentage of iron-binding sites occupied, usually calculated from blood iron and total iron-binding capacity.

A calculated calcium estimate adjusted for albumin, rather than a separate calcium measurement.

A liver-made protein that rises in response to inflammation, measured with conventional or high-sensitivity assays.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

A calculated comparison of the blood proteins C-reactive protein and albumin.

Calculated ratio of absolute monocyte count to HDL cholesterol, keeping the units of both measurements.

A calculated index combining platelet, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, rather than a separate measured substance.

An enzyme found especially in the liver, bile ducts and bones.

A liver-cell enzyme that can enter the blood when those cells are damaged.

An enzyme in the liver, muscles and other tissues that can enter blood when cells are damaged.

The bilirubin fraction that reacts directly in the laboratory test; its contents depend on the method.

Estimated unconjugated bilirubin, commonly calculated as total bilirubin minus direct bilirubin.

The combined direct and indirect forms of bilirubin, a waste product from red-cell breakdown.

An enzyme assessed alongside other findings when investigating liver or bile-duct injury.

A waste product from normal muscle activity that the kidneys mainly remove from blood.

An estimate of kidney filtration calculated from blood markers such as creatinine or cystatin C.

Creatinine-based

Nitrogen from urea in blood, a waste product formed when the body breaks down protein.

A calculated comparison of blood urea nitrogen with creatinine from the same collection.

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory signaling.

Percentage

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory signaling.

Absolute count

A type of white blood cell, reported as a count or percentage of white cells.

Percentage

A type of white blood cell, reported as a count or percentage of white cells.

Absolute count

How much red blood cells vary in size, rather than their average size.

The share of your blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.

A group of white blood cells involved in the body's immune responses.

Percentage

A group of white blood cells involved in the body's immune responses.

Absolute count

Calculated average amount of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in each red blood cell.

The calculated average concentration of hemoglobin within packed red blood cells.

The average size of your red blood cells, reported as their volume.

White blood cells that help remove damaged cells and microbes and can develop into tissue immune cells.

Percentage

White blood cells that help remove damaged cells and microbes and can develop into tissue immune cells.

Absolute count

White blood cells that play a central role in the body's early immune responses.

Percentage

White blood cells that play a central role in the body's early immune responses.

Absolute count

The average size of circulating platelets, distinct from how many platelets are present.

The number of platelets in a given volume of circulating blood.

The number of mature red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

The total number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood.

A calculated comparison of albumin with globulins, two groups of proteins in the blood.

A liver-made blood protein that helps retain fluid and transport other substances.

Calculated amount of non-albumin blood proteins, found by subtracting albumin from total protein.

The combined concentration of albumin and globulins, the main groups of blood proteins.

The Bilirubin-to-Albumin Ratio (B/A Ratio) integrates bilirubin production and albumin-bound clearance.

The Ferritin-to-Albumin Ratio (FAR) integrates inflammation (ferritin) and nutritional status (albumin).

The Indirect-to-Direct Bilirubin Ratio (I/D Ratio) reflects bilirubin metabolism, conjugation, and clearance.

The LDL / Total Cholesterol ratio is a simple calculation that expresses the proportion of total cholesterol that is made up of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol.

The Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) reflects the balance between adaptive immune function (lymphocytes) and innate immune activation (monocytes).

The Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR) is a non-insulin-based index that estimates peripheral insulin sensitivity using fasting glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and body mass index.

Calculated from glucose, triglycerides, HDL and BMI; output depends on those inputs and is not measured insulin.

The Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (MLR) captures the balance between innate inflammatory processes (monocytes) and adaptive immune response (lymphocytes).

The Neutrophil-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (NHR) integrates innate immune activation (neutrophils) with HDL-C’s protective effects.

The Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) reflects balance between innate and adaptive immunity.

The Neutrophil-to-(Lymphocyte × Platelet) Ratio (NLPR) combines neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets to reflect inflammatory burden, adaptive immunity, and repair capacity.

The Non-HDL / Total Cholesterol ratio measures the proportion of your total cholesterol that is carried by potentially harmful lipoproteins - all cholesterol excluding HDL, which is considered “good cholesterol.

The Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) reflects thrombo-inflammatory burden and immune balance by combining platelet activity with adaptive immune status.

The Platelet-to-WBC Ratio (PWR) compares platelet counts with total white blood cell counts.

The RDW/MCV ratio is a red blood cell metric that compares two distinct aspects of red cell morphology: - Red cell distribution width (RDW) which measures the *variation in size* among red blood cells in circulation.

The Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) = (neutrophils × monocytes) / lymphocytes, integrating innate inflammatory activity with adaptive immune regulation.

The Testosterone-to-Estradiol Ratio (T/E₂) reflects androgen–estrogen balance.

The Urea-to-Creatinine Ratio (UCR) provides insight into renal stress, hydration, protein metabolism, and pre-renal vs.

The Uric Acid-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (UHR) integrates oxidative/inflammatory load (uric acid) with HDL’s vascular protection.