Function Health

A protein carried by certain cholesterol-carrying particles; its amount reflects their total number.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside HDL particles in the blood.

The concentration of HDL particles classified as large by the laboratory's specific method.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside LDL particles, rather than the number of particles.

Number of medium-sized LDL particles measured by ion mobility, rather than their cholesterol content.

Number of LDL-sized particles in blood, rather than the amount of cholesterol they carry.

A classification showing whether larger or smaller LDL particles predominate.

A characteristic diameter of LDL particles, with different tests reporting a mean or peak size.

Peak diameter

The concentration of smaller LDL particles, rather than their cholesterol content or average size.

The amount of Lp(a), a cholesterol-carrying particle whose concentration is largely inherited.

Calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol, capturing cholesterol in the remaining particles.

The combined amount of cholesterol carried by the major blood lipoprotein groups.

Calculated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, using measurements in the same units.

Fats circulating in the blood that store energy from food the body does not immediately use.

The amount of glucose, the body's main circulating sugar and an energy source, in blood.

Fasting

Percentage of hemoglobin with sugar attached, reflecting average blood sugar over roughly two to three months.

A pancreatic hormone that helps move sugar from blood into cells and regulates energy storage.

Fasting

Amount of a hormone produced by body fat, rather than a direct measure of leptin resistance.

A waste product from purine breakdown, assessed in gout and kidney-related testing.

Amount of chloride, one of the blood's major electrolytes, measured in serum or plasma.

An electrolyte needed for normal nerve signals, muscle contraction and heart function.

A major electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance and supports nerve and muscle function.

A blood chemistry result used to estimate bicarbonate when assessing the body's acid-base balance.

Glucose detected in urine, rather than a measurement of blood sugar.

Ketones detected in urine, usually with a strip that mainly detects acetoacetate.

A hormone used as an indicator of the reserve of ovarian follicles.

An adrenal hormone the body uses to make testosterone and estrogen.

The main estrogen during the reproductive years, produced primarily by the ovaries.

Women: Conditional. Not typically run when using hormonal birth control; eligibility is determined during ordering.

A pituitary hormone that supports development of eggs in the ovaries and production of sperm.

Women: Conditional. Not typically run when using hormonal birth control; eligibility is determined during ordering.

A pituitary hormone involved in ovulation and sex-hormone production in the ovaries and testes.

Women: Conditional. Not typically run when using hormonal birth control; eligibility is determined during ordering.

A pituitary hormone involved in milk production and reproductive regulation.

A protein made mainly by the liver that carries testosterone, estradiol and other sex hormones in blood.

The portion of testosterone circulating without being attached to blood proteins.

Concentration · Calculated

All testosterone circulating in blood, including protein-bound and unbound forms.

An adrenal hormone involved in stress response, metabolism, blood pressure and inflammation.

Antibodies that recognize thyroglobulin; they can also interfere with measurements of thyroglobulin itself.

Antibodies against an enzyme the thyroid uses to make thyroid hormones.

A pituitary hormone that signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

The unbound portion of T4 thyroid hormone available to tissues, commonly considered alongside TSH.

The portion of thyroid hormone T3 circulating unbound to blood proteins.

A calculated comparison of arachidonic acid and EPA, two fatty acids measured in the same sample.

All calcium circulating in blood, including calcium attached to proteins and free calcium.

An iron-storage protein whose blood level generally reflects the body's iron stores.

An amino-acid intermediate affected by B vitamins, genetics, kidney function and other factors.

Iron circulating in blood at collection, mostly attached to the transport protein transferrin.

Percentage of iron-binding sites occupied, usually calculated from blood iron and total iron-binding capacity.

Estimated capacity of the blood's transferrin protein to bind and carry iron.

A mineral involved in muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm and many enzyme reactions.

A blood measurement of methylmalonic acid, used as a functional indicator of vitamin B12 status.

A calculated omega-3 total, defined as EPA+DPA+DHA in the documented whole-blood form.

Amount or proportion of DHA, one of the fatty acids included in omega-3 testing.

The omega-3 fatty acid DPA, reported here as a share of whole-blood fatty acids.

Amount or proportion of EPA, an omega-3 fatty acid, in the tested blood sample.

Calculated comparison of specified omega-6 and omega-3 fats; the sample and included fats matter.

An assay-specific total of omega-6 fatty acids; the sample and included fatty acids differ between tests.

Share of whole-blood fatty acids made up of arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fat.

Share of whole-blood fatty acids made up of linoleic acid, an essential omega-6 fat.

The main circulating form of vitamin D, reflecting vitamin D from sunlight, food and supplements.

Concentration

Amount of zinc in the tested blood sample; results depend on which blood component is measured.

A liver-made protein that rises in response to inflammation, measured with conventional or high-sensitivity assays.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

A liver-cell enzyme that can enter the blood when those cells are damaged.

An enzyme found especially in the liver, bile ducts and bones.

An enzyme in the liver, muscles and other tissues that can enter blood when cells are damaged.

An enzyme assessed alongside other findings when investigating liver or bile-duct injury.

The combined direct and indirect forms of bilirubin, a waste product from red-cell breakdown.

Checks for a water-soluble form of bilirubin in urine, distinct from bilirubin measured in blood.

The amount of albumin protein in urine, distinct from blood albumin or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Nitrogen from urea in blood, a waste product formed when the body breaks down protein.

A calculated comparison of blood urea nitrogen with creatinine from the same collection.

A waste product from normal muscle activity that the kidneys mainly remove from blood.

An estimate of kidney filtration calculated from blood markers such as creatinine or cystatin C.

Creatinine-based

Protein detected or measured in urine; a dipstick mainly detects albumin.

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory signaling.

Percentage

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory signaling.

Absolute count

A type of white blood cell, reported as a count or percentage of white cells.

Percentage

A type of white blood cell, reported as a count or percentage of white cells.

Absolute count

A group of white blood cells involved in the body's immune responses.

Percentage

A group of white blood cells involved in the body's immune responses.

Absolute count

White blood cells that help remove damaged cells and microbes and can develop into tissue immune cells.

Percentage

White blood cells that help remove damaged cells and microbes and can develop into tissue immune cells.

Absolute count

White blood cells that play a central role in the body's early immune responses.

Percentage

White blood cells that play a central role in the body's early immune responses.

Absolute count

The total number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood.

Your inherited A, B, AB or O blood group, based on red blood cell surface features.

Whether red blood cells have the D antigen, the main feature behind Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood.

The share of your blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.

Calculated average amount of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in each red blood cell.

The calculated average concentration of hemoglobin within packed red blood cells.

The average size of your red blood cells, reported as their volume.

The average size of circulating platelets, distinct from how many platelets are present.

The number of platelets in a given volume of circulating blood.

The number of mature red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

How much red blood cells vary in size, rather than their average size.

A liver-made blood protein that helps retain fluid and transport other substances.

A calculated comparison of albumin with globulins, two groups of proteins in the blood.

Calculated amount of non-albumin blood proteins, found by subtracting albumin from total protein.

The combined concentration of albumin and globulins, the main groups of blood proteins.

Blood amylase enzyme activity; total, pancreatic and salivary results differ, with salivary sometimes calculated.

The activity of lipase enzyme in a blood sample, distinct from stool-based pancreatic tests.

Calculated percentage of total prostate-specific antigen that is unbound, using paired free and total PSA results.

The amount of PSA circulating unbound in blood, distinct from percent-free PSA.

Amount of prostate-specific antigen used in prostate assessment; it does not diagnose cancer by itself.

Amount of lead in whole blood, reflecting recent or ongoing exposure.

Total mercury in whole blood, reflecting recent exposure without separating its different chemical forms.

Function’s estimate of biological age, calculated from existing laboratory results rather than measured separately.

Fine particles in urine without a distinct crystal shape, often made of urates or phosphates.

A visual description of how clear or cloudy the urine sample looks.

Bacteria seen or counted in urine under microscopy, distinct from a urine culture result.

Calcium oxalate crystals observed in urine under a microscope, reported by presence or amount.

The observed color of urine, assessed visually or with a laboratory instrument.

Hyaline protein casts seen in urine sediment, reported according to the laboratory’s counting method.

A urine-strip reaction that indirectly checks for white blood cells, rather than counting them directly.

A urine-strip result detecting nitrite formed by some bacteria, rather than directly counting bacteria.

A urine-strip test for heme, which can come from red cells, hemoglobin or muscle pigment.

How acidic or alkaline a urine sample is at the time of testing.

Red blood cells counted in urine, distinct from a dipstick test for blood pigments.

Urine density compared with water, providing a time-specific estimate of how concentrated the urine is.

White blood cells counted directly in urine, distinct from the indirect leukocyte-esterase strip test.

Yeast-like or budding forms seen in urine under microscopy, without identifying the species.

The staining pattern seen when testing for antinuclear antibodies, rather than an antibody amount.

Conditional. Only tested if the ANA screen is positive.

An initial check for antibodies that react with material inside cell nuclei.

How far a blood sample can be diluted while antibodies against cell nuclei remain detectable.

Conditional. Only tested if the ANA screen is positive.

Antibodies that react with part of IgG antibodies; this result alone does not diagnose rheumatoid arthritis.

Cells in urine usually shed from the lower urethra or external genital surfaces.