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The combined amount of cholesterol carried by the major blood lipoprotein groups.

The amount of Lp(a), a cholesterol-carrying particle whose concentration is largely inherited.

Calculated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, using measurements in the same units.

Calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol, capturing cholesterol in the remaining particles.

A protein carried by certain cholesterol-carrying particles; its amount reflects their total number.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside HDL particles in the blood.

Fats circulating in the blood that store energy from food the body does not immediately use.

The amount of cholesterol carried inside LDL particles, rather than the number of particles.

The amount of glucose, the body's main circulating sugar and an energy source, in blood.

Fasting

Percentage of hemoglobin with sugar attached, reflecting average blood sugar over roughly two to three months.

A pancreatic hormone that helps move sugar from blood into cells and regulates energy storage.

Glucose detected in urine, rather than a measurement of blood sugar.

Ketones detected in urine, usually with a strip that mainly detects acetoacetate.

Amount of chloride, one of the blood's major electrolytes, measured in serum or plasma.

An electrolyte needed for normal nerve signals, muscle contraction and heart function.

A major electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance and supports nerve and muscle function.

A blood chemistry result used to estimate bicarbonate when assessing the body's acid-base balance.

A protein made mainly by the liver that carries testosterone, estradiol and other sex hormones in blood.

All testosterone circulating in blood, including protein-bound and unbound forms.

A pituitary hormone that supports development of eggs in the ovaries and production of sperm.

A pituitary hormone involved in ovulation and sex-hormone production in the ovaries and testes.

The portion of testosterone circulating without being attached to blood proteins.

Free plus albumin-bound testosterone, which may be measured or calculated depending on the test.

The main estrogen during the reproductive years, produced primarily by the ovaries.

A pituitary hormone involved in milk production and reproductive regulation.

A hormone produced after ovulation and during pregnancy, measured at a particular point in time.

An adrenal hormone the body uses to make testosterone and estrogen.

A pituitary hormone that signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

Antibodies against an enzyme the thyroid uses to make thyroid hormones.

The unbound portion of T4 thyroid hormone available to tissues, commonly considered alongside TSH.

An amino-acid intermediate affected by B vitamins, genetics, kidney function and other factors.

A vitamin needed for red blood cell formation, nervous-system function and DNA production.

Vitamin B9, needed for making DNA, cell division and red blood cell production.

A mineral involved in muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm and many enzyme reactions.

Iron circulating in blood at collection, mostly attached to the transport protein transferrin.

An iron-storage protein whose blood level generally reflects the body's iron stores.

Estimated capacity of the blood's transferrin protein to bind and carry iron.

Percentage of iron-binding sites occupied, usually calculated from blood iron and total iron-binding capacity.

A liver-made protein that rises in response to inflammation, measured with conventional or high-sensitivity assays.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

An enzyme in the liver, muscles and other tissues that can enter blood when cells are damaged.

An enzyme found especially in the liver, bile ducts and bones.

A liver-cell enzyme that can enter the blood when those cells are damaged.

The combined direct and indirect forms of bilirubin, a waste product from red-cell breakdown.

A urine-strip estimate of a bilirubin breakdown product formed in the intestines.

Checks for a water-soluble form of bilirubin in urine, distinct from bilirubin measured in blood.

Protein detected or measured in urine; a dipstick mainly detects albumin.

Nitrogen from urea in blood, a waste product formed when the body breaks down protein.

An estimate of kidney filtration calculated from blood markers such as creatinine or cystatin C.

A calculated comparison of blood urea nitrogen with creatinine from the same collection.

A waste product from normal muscle activity that the kidneys mainly remove from blood.

The amount of albumin protein in urine, distinct from blood albumin or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Immature granulocytes, a group of white blood cells, reported by an analyzer as a count or percentage.

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammatory signaling.

The number of mature red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

The share of your blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.

A type of white blood cell, reported as a count or percentage of white cells.

White blood cells that play a central role in the body's early immune responses.

How much red blood cells vary in size, rather than their average size.

A group of white blood cells involved in the body's immune responses.

The average size of your red blood cells, reported as their volume.

Very immature blood-forming cells reported in circulating blood, rather than a bone-marrow result.

Calculated average amount of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, in each red blood cell.

The calculated average concentration of hemoglobin within packed red blood cells.

The average size of circulating platelets, distinct from how many platelets are present.

The number of platelets in a given volume of circulating blood.

The total number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood.

White blood cells that help remove damaged cells and microbes and can develop into tissue immune cells.

Calculated amount of non-albumin blood proteins, found by subtracting albumin from total protein.

A calculated comparison of albumin with globulins, two groups of proteins in the blood.

The combined concentration of albumin and globulins, the main groups of blood proteins.

A liver-made blood protein that helps retain fluid and transport other substances.

How acidic or alkaline a urine sample is at the time of testing.

The observed color of urine, assessed visually or with a laboratory instrument.

Particles called casts containing granular material, observed in urine under a microscope.

Hyaline protein casts seen in urine sediment, reported according to the laboratory’s counting method.

A urine-strip result detecting nitrite formed by some bacteria, rather than directly counting bacteria.

A visual description of how clear or cloudy the urine sample looks.

Urine density compared with water, providing a time-specific estimate of how concentrated the urine is.

A urine-strip reaction that indirectly checks for white blood cells, rather than counting them directly.

White blood cells counted directly in urine, distinct from the indirect leukocyte-esterase strip test.

Crystalline material seen in urine under a microscope; this general result does not identify its composition.

A urine-strip test for heme, which can come from red cells, hemoglobin or muscle pigment.

Epithelial cells observed in urine sediment; different cell subtypes have different origins.

Bacteria seen or counted in urine under microscopy, distinct from a urine culture result.

Red blood cells counted in urine, distinct from a dipstick test for blood pigments.

Red blood cell casts are renal tubular casts containing erythrocytes.

Calcium is an essential mineral measured in blood that reflects the body’s bone health, muscle function, and cardiovascular signaling.

Vitamin D (25‑hydroxyvitamin D) is a lab metric that measures the circulating form of vitamin D, reflecting overall vitamin D status in the body.

Plasma cells are a type of immune cell that produce antibodies and are normally confined to the bone marrow.

Reactive lymphocytes are a type of white‑blood‑cell that become activated and change shape during an active immune response.

Metamyelocytes are immature neutrophil precursors that normally reside in the bone marrow and are absent from the peripheral blood of healthy adults.

Prolymphocytes are immature‑appearing lymphoid cells that are normally absent or present in only trace amounts in peripheral blood.

Myelocytes are immature neutrophil precursors that normally reside in the bone marrow and are not present in peripheral blood.

Promyelocytes are very early granulocyte precursor cells normally found only in the bone marrow; their presence in peripheral blood is abnormal.

Band neutrophils are immature white‑blood cells measured as part of a differential blood count, indicating the early stage of neutrophil development.

The Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a laboratory panel that measures the numbers and characteristics of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a single blood sample.

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (NRBCs) are immature red blood cell precursors that normally reside only in the bone marrow and are absent from the peripheral blood of healthy adults.

Platelet estimation is a microscopic review of platelets on a peripheral blood smear that provides a visual check on the automated platelet count.

A urinalysis examines urine for signs of kidney disease, diabetes, urinary tract infection, and liver problems.

Prostate‑Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein made by the prostate gland that circulates in the blood of men.